Choose your scientific study of interest.

Acne and skin problems

No research papers at the moment.

A.I.D.S.

Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by an aqueous extract of Spirulina (arthrospira platensis). by Ayehunie S. (1), Belay A. (2), Hu Y. (1), Baba T. (1,3), Ruprecht R. (1). (1) Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; (2) Earthrise Farms, Calipatria, CA; (3) Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA. 7th IAAA Conference, Knysna, South Africa April 17, 1996.

Water extract of Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira platensis) inhibits HIV-1 replication in human derived T-cell lines and in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A concentration of 5-10 (mcg/ml was found to reduce viral production and/or syncytium formation of about 50%, and a concentration of 100 (mcg/ml showed a 90-100% inhibition without cytotoxicity. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) for cell growth was computed to be between 2-6.5 mg/ml depending on the cell types used; the therapeutic index was >100. The extract also blocked Rauscher murine leukemia virus (RLV)-induced plaques by >95% at concentrations ranging from 75-150 (mcg/ml; the 50% reduction in plaque formation (the 50% effective concentration EC50) was at a concentration of 9-30 (mcg/ml. The extract directly inactivated HIV-1 infectivity when preincubated with virus prior to addition to human T-cell lines at similar inhibitory concentrations.

Allergies

Means to normalize the levels of immunoglobulin E, using the food supplement Spirulina. by L. Evets, et al. 1994. Grodenski State Medical Univ. Russian Federation Committee of Patents and Trade. Patent (19)RU (11)2005486 . Jan. 15, 1994. Russia.

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) of children living in highly radioactive areas is greatly above normal. Studies with 270 children show that consuming about 5 grams per day of spirulina tablets normalized IgE within 6 weeks. Children not consuming spirulina did not change IgE levels. No side effects were observed. Spirulina lowers the amount of IgE in the blood, which in turn normalizes and reduces allergies.

Anemia

Clinical experiences of administration of spirulina to patients with hupochronic anemia. by T. Takeuchi, et al. 1978. Tokyo Medical and Dental Univ. Japan.

Eight women had been limiting their meals to stay thin and were showing hypochronic anemia - lower than normal blood hemoglobin content. They took four grams of spirulina after each meal. After 30 days blood hemoglobin content increased 21% from 10.9 to 13.2, a satisfactory level, no longer considered anemic.

Availability of iron to rats from spirulina, a blue-green algae. by P. Johnson and E. Shubert. 1986. Pub. in Nutrition Research Vol 6, 85-94. USA.

Spirulina contains a highly available form of of iron. It is unusual to find plant-derived iron that is highly available. Absorption of iron by rats and humans has been found to be highly correlated. Spirulina fed rats absorbed iron more than or equal to rats fed iron from an iron supplement, ferrous sulfate. In comparison, absorption of iron from potatoes and whole wheat bread is about half of ferrous sulfate. It appears spirulina is a fairly concentrated source of available iron.

Clinical experiences of administration of spirulina to patients with hypochronic anemia. by T. Takeuchi, et al. 1978. Tokyo Medical and Dental Univ. Japan.

Eight women had been limiting their meals to stay thin and were showing hypochronic anemia - lower than normal blood hemoglobin content. They took four grams of spirulina after each meal. After 30 days blood hemoglobin content increased 21% from 10.9 to 13.2, a satisfactory level, no longer considered anemic.

Arthritis

No research papers at the moment.

Asthma

No research papers at the moment.

Bad breath (halitosis)

"Chlorella, Jewel of the Far East" by Dr Bernard Jensen,D.O.,Ph.D.

Chlorophyll is legendary for its deodorizing abilities, and has long been used as an underarm deodorant and to control bad breath. By chewing chlorella tablets, the chlorophyll in them is released, effectively sanitizing the mouth. Chewing also has the benefit of allowing chlorophyll to get between the teeth and gums, a great benefit to those who suffer from gum diseases.

Body-building and sport training enhancement

No research papers at the moment.

Cancer

Evaluation of chemoprevention of oral cancer with spirulina. by Babu, M. et al. 1995. Pub. in Nutrition and Cancer, Vol. 24, No. 2, 197-202. India. The blue-green microalgae spirulina, used in daily diets of natives in Africa and America, has been found to be a rich natural source of proteins, carotenoids and other micronutrients. Experimental studies in animal models have demonstrated an inhibitory effect of spirulina algae on oral carcinogenesis. Studies among preschool children in India have demonstrated spirulina fusiformis to be a effective source of dietary vitamin A. We evaluated the chemoproventative activity of spirulina (1 g/day for 12 months) in reversing oral leukoplakia in pan tobacco chewers in Kerala, India. Complete regression of lesions was observed in 20 of 44 (45%) evaluable subjects supplemented with spirulina, as opposed to 3 of 43 (7%) in the placebo arm. When stratified by type of leukoplakia, the response was more pronounced in homogeneous lesions: complete regression was seen in 16 of 28 (57%) subjects with homogeneous leukoplakia, 2 of 8 with erythroplakia, 2 of 4 with verrucous leukoplakia, and 0 of 4 with ulcerated and nodular lesions. Within one year of discontinuing supplements, 9 of 20 (45%) complete responders with spirulina developed recurrent lesions. Supplementation with spirulina did not increase serum concentrations of retinal or beta carotene, nor was it associated with toxicity. This is the first human study evaluating the chemopreventive potential of spirulina. More studies in different settings and different populations are needed for further evaluations.

Prevention of experimental oral cancer by extracts of spirulina-dunaliella algae. by J. Schwartz, G. Shklar, et al. 1988. Harvard School of Dental Medicine. Pub. in Nutrition and Cancer 11, 127-134. 1988. USA.

An extract of Spirulina-Dunaliella algae was shown to prevent tumor development in hamster buccal pouch when a solution was applied topically three times weekly for 28 weeks. Untreated control animals all presented gross tumours of the right buccal pouch. Animals fed canthaxanthin presented a notably and statistically significant reduction in tumour number and size compared with controls. Animals fed beta carotene demonstrated a smaller but statistically significant reduction in tumor number and size. The algae animals presented a complete absence of gross tumors. However, microscopic sections of the buccal pouch in the algae group showed localized areas of dysplasia and early carcinoma-in-situ undergoing destruction.

A novel glycoprotein obtained from Chlorella vulgaris strain CK22 shows antimetastatic immunopotentiation. Tanaka K, Yamada A, Noda K, Hasegawa T, Okuda M, Shoyama Y, Nomoto K. Research Laboratories, Chlorella Industries Co. Ltd., Fukuoka, Japan. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 1998 Feb;45(6):313-20

A glycoprotein extract (CVS), derived from the unicellular green alga Chlorella, strain CK22, exhibited a pronounced antitumor effect against both spontaneous and experimentally induced metastasis in mice. Inhibition of tumor metastasis was enhanced when intratumor administration of CVS was followed by s.c. injection of CVS. Anti-metastatic immunopotentiation was observed in euthymic mice, but not in athymic nude mice. The antitumor activity of CVS was reflected in antigen-specific, T-cell-mediated immunity. Both CD4 and CD8 T cells contributed to the antimetastatic effects, as shown by in vivo depletion experiments with anti-T-cell subset antibodies. Furthermore, CVS caused the recruitment of T cells to the regional lymph nodes and their proliferation in these organs. The CD4-positive population, following CVS injection at the time of tumor rechallenge, displayed a pronounced increase in the proportion of T cells that were CD18 bright, CD44 bright, CD25+, CD54+, CD69+ or CD71+ in the lymph nodes. Thus, CVS induces T cell activation in peripheral lymph nodes in tumor-bearing mice. We conclude that CVS augments antimetastatic immunity through T cell activation in lymphoid organs and enhances recruitment of these cells to the tumor sites. Presurgical treatment with CVS might prevent metastasis or tumor progression.

Chemotherapy

Kanazawa Medical University of Japan and Taipei Medical University at the Third International Congress at Reims, France in 1985.) Chlorella can stimulate the macrophages and T-cells of the immune system, resulting in an anti-tumor effect, probably due to the protection or restoration of macrophage activity, which is usually retarded in the body by the time tumors start to grow. Chlorella also decreased the side effects of chemotherapy --- there was far less damage to the immune system.

Chronic Fatigue

No research papers at the moment.

Computer and mobile cell phone users

No research papers at the moment.

Constipation or diarrhea

Spirulina in Jiangxi China. by Miao Jian Ren. 1987. Academy of Agricultural Science. Presented at Soc. Appl. Algology, Lille France Sep. 1987. China.

In Nanjing Childrens Hospital, 27 children, 2-6 years old, recovered in a short period from bad appetite, night sweats, diarrhea and constipation from a baby nourishing formula containing 1.5g spirulina, 12g baked barley sprout, Vitaimn B1 and Zinc. The clinical effects showed spirulina is a genuine health food for children.

Computer and mobile cell phone users

No research papers at the moment.

Diabetes or blood sugar problems

Improving glycogenesis in Streptozocin (STZ) diabetic mice after administration of green algae Chlorella. by Cherng JY, Shih MF. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung-Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, ROC.

Chlorella, a type of unicellular fresh water algae, has been a popular foodstuff in Japan and Taiwan. Studies have shown the hypoglycemic effects of Chlorella in alloxan-induced and Streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic animals. However, the mechanisms by which Chlorella treatment affects blood glucose homeostasis have not been studied. Diabetes in ICR mice was induced by injection of STZ. Lipogenesis in vivo was measured by incorporating 3H-H2O into lipids in brown and white adipose tissues. Glucose uptake in the liver and soleus muscles was measured by assaying 2-deoxy-D-[1,2-3H] glucose levels. The effects of Chlorella on serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were measured with commercial assay kits. Insulin-stimulated lipogenic rates in brown and white adipose tissues were unaffected by Chlorella. However, Chlorella increased 2-deoxyglucose uptake in the livers and soleus muscles in normal and STZ mice compared to that in their respective controls (p < 0.01). In addition, fasting NEFA levels were lower in Chlorella-treated STZ mice compared to H2O-treated STZ mice (p < 0.005). The current results suggest that the hypoglycemic effects of Chlorella are due to an enhancement of glucose uptake in the liver and in soleus muscles. The improved insulin sensitivity after Chlorella treatment could be also due to lower NEFA levels, since insulin sensitivity is usually blunted by elevated NEFA in diabetes.

Antioxidant and anti-cataract effects of Chlorella on rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. By Shibata S, Natori Y, Nishihara T, Tomisak K, Mtsumoto K, Sansawa H, Nguyen VC.´ Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, 1796 Yaho, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan.

The antioxidant activities of Chlorella in vitro and in vivo were investigated. Chlorella showed a strong antioxidant effect compared to various vegetables in a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. To evaluate the antioxidant and anti-cataract effects in vivo, a 7.3% Chlorella powder was fed to rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes for 11 wk. At the end of the experiment, Chlorella had decreased the blood glycated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1c) and serum cholesterol levels significantly, however, it had not affected the serum glucose concentration. The serum lipid peroxide value (TBARS value) in the rats fed Chlorella was lower than that of the control rats. In the liver and kidney, Chlorella also reduced chemiluminescent intensities. In addition, it delayed the development of lens opacities. The lens lipid peroxide content of the rats fed Chlorella was lower than that of the control rats, however the differences were not significant. These results indicate that Chlorella has antioxidant activity and may be beneficial for the prevention of diabetic complications such as cataracts.

Action of the Chlorella Pyrenoidosa on experimental diabetes in rats. By RODRIGUEZ LOPEZ Med Exp Int J Exp Med. 1964;10:381-6.

Study of chlorella and diabetes

Digestive problems

Augmentation of host defense by a unicellular green alga, Chlorella vulgaris, to Escherichia coli infection. Tanaka K; Koga T; Konishi F Infect Immun 1986 Aug;53(2):267-71

Protection against Escherichia coli inoculated intraperitoneally into mice was enhanced by intraperitoneal, intravenous, or subcutaneous administration of chlorella growth factor. The enhancing effect was detected with doses over 2.0 mg/kg and when doses were administered 1, 4, or 7 days before the infection. The elimination of bacteria from the spleen of chlorella growth factor treated mice was increased, and this enhanced elimination may have been related to the acceleration of superoxide generation and chemokinesis in polymorphonuclear leukocytes by chlorella growth factor treatment.

A report by Dr. Takechi Y. Gakushu Kenku-sha, Tokyo, Japan. Nov. 30, 1970

Chlorella enhanced the growth of Lactobacillus in the human colon by fourfold in a standard growth medium. It evident that Chlorella promotes human colon health.

Effects of spirulina on caecum content in rats. by Y. Tokai, et al. 1987. Chiba Hygiene College Bulletin. Feb. 1987 Vol. 5, No. 2. Japan. Feeding rats a diet with 5% spirulina for 100 days (compared to a control group not fed spirulina) revealed: 1. the weight of the caecum increased 13%; 2. lactobacillus increased 327%; 3. vitamin B1 inside the caecum increased 43%. Since spirulina did not supply this additional B1, it improved overall B1 absorption. The study suggests eating spirulina increases lactobacillus and may increase efficient absorption of Vitamin B1 and other vitamins from the entire diet.

DNA

Enhancement of endonuclease activity and repair DNA synthesis by polysaccharide of spirulina. by Qishen, P. et al. 1988. Pub. in Chinese Genetics Journal 15 (5) 374-381 . China.

The influence of water soluble polysaccharide from spirulina platensis on excision repair of DNA was investigated by means of endonuclease assay and radioautography. The results showed that the presence of the polysaccharide enhanced significantly both the repair activity of radiation damaged DNA excision and the unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS). During the examination of the time course of the excision process, it was found that the presence of polysaccharide of spirulina not only increased the initial rates of the damaged DNA excision and the UDS, but also postponed the saturations of both important reactions of excision and repair DNA synthesis.

E-coli infection

Augmentation of host defense by a unicellular green alga, Chlorella, to Escherichia coli infection. Tanaka K; Koga T; Konishi F Infect Immun 1986 Aug;53(2):267-71

Protection against Escherichia coli inoculated intraperitoneally into mice was enhanced by intraperitoneal, intravenous, or subcutaneous administration of chlorella growth factor. The enhancing effect was detected with doses over 2.0 mg/kg and when doses were administered 1, 4, or 7 days before the infection. The elimination of bacteria from the spleen of chlorella growth factor treated mice was increased, and this enhanced elimination may have been related to the acceleration of superoxide generation and chemokinesis in polymorphonuclear leukocytes by chlorella growth factor treatment.

Eczema

No research papers at the moment.

Edema

No research papers at the moment.

Fibromyalgia

Nutritional supplementation with Chlorella pyrenoidosa for patients with fibromyalgia syndrome: a pilot study. Merchant RE; Carmack CA; Wise CM Departments of Anatomy and Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Richmond, VA 23298-0709, USA. Phytother Res 2000 May;14(3):167-73

Each day for 2 months 20 participants consumed 10 grams (10,000 mg) of chlorella. Any amelioration of symptoms was validated and quantified using semi-objective and subjective outcome measures systematically administered at clinic visits on days 0, 30 and 60 of the diet therapy. Eighteen of the 20 patients enrolled completed the 2 month trial. After two months the average pain decrease was 22%.This decrease was statistically significant. Blood samples taken on each occasion indicated no significant alterations in serum chemistries, formed elements, and circulating lymphocyte subsets.

A review of recent clinical trials of the nutritional supplement Chlorella pyrenoidosa in the treatment of fibromyalgia, hypertension, and ulcerative colitis. Merchant RE, Andre CA.Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, VA. Altern Ther Health Med. 2001 May-Jun;7(3):79-91

CONTEXT: It has been suggested that the consumption of natural "whole foods" rich in macronutrients has many healthful benefits for those who otherwise ingest a normal, nonvegetarian diet. One example is dietary supplements derived from Chlorella pyrenoidosa, a unicellular fresh water green alga rich in proteins, vitamins, and minerals.

OBJECTIVE: To find evidence of the potential of chlorella dietary supplements to relieve signs and symptoms, improve quality of life, and normalize body functions in people with chronic illnesses, specifically fibromyalgia, hypertension, and ulcerative colitis.

DESIGN: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials.

SETTING: Virginia Commonwealth University's Medical College of Virginia.

PATIENTS: Fifty-five subjects with fibromyalgia, 33 with hypertension, and 9 with ulcerative colitis.

INTERVENTION: Subjects consumed 10 g of pure chlorella in tablet form and 100 ml of a liquid containing an extract of chlorella each day for 2 or 3 months.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: For fibromyalgia patients, assessments of pain and overall quality of life. For hypertensive patients, measurements of sitting diastolic blood pressure and serum lipid levels. For patients with ulcerative colitis, determination of state of disease using the Disease Activity Index.

RESULTS: Daily dietary supplementation with chlorella may reduce high blood pressure, lower serum cholesterol levels, accelerate wound healing, and enhance immune functions.

CONCLUSIONS: The potential of chlorella to relieve symptoms, improve quality of life, and normalize body functions in patients with fibromyalgia, hypertension, or ulcerative colitis suggests that larger, more comprehensive clinical trials of chlorella are warranted.

Gall bladder problems

No research papers at the moment.

Heart Disease or heart problems

Effect of dried, powdered Chlorella vulgaris on experimental atherosclerosis and alimentary hypercholesterolemia in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Sano T; Tanaka Y Artery 1987;14(2):76-84

The anti-lipidemic action and anti-atherosclerotic action of dried, powdered chlorella was investigated using male Japanese White rabbits. A ten-week load of high-cholesterol diet remarkably increased serum total cholesterol and the beta-lipoprotein cholesterol levels in serum, causing aortic atheromatous lesion. In the Chlorella group which was administered a high-cholesterol diet containing 1% powdered chlorella, increase of total and beta-lipoprotein cholesterol level was suppressed. Further, the development of aortic atheromatous lesions was significantly inhibited. Clofibrate used as positive control in this experiment, did not show any inhibitory effect, either on the increase in serum lipid level or on the development of aortic atheromatous lesion.

Cholesterol lowering effect of spirulina. by N. Nayaka, et al. 1988. Tokai Univ. Pub. in Nutrition Reports Int'l, Vol. 37, No. 6, 1329-1337. Japan.

Thirty healthy men with high cholesterol, mild hypertension and hyperlipidemia showed lower serum cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL (undesirable fat) levels after eating spirulina for eight weeks. These men did not change their diet, except adding spirulina. No adverse effects were noted. Group A consumed 4.2 grams daily for eight weeks. Total serum cholesterol dropped a significant 4.5% within 4 weeks from 244 to 233. Group B consumed spirulina for four weeks, then stopped. Serum cholesterol levels decreased, then returned to the initial level. Researchers concluded spirulina did lower serum cholesterol and was likely to have a favorable effect on alleviating heart disease since the arterioscelosis index improved.

Heavy Metal poisoning

Effect of chlorella, spirulina and chlorophyllin on fecal excretion of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in rats. by K. Morita, T. Matsueda, T. Iida. Fukuouka Institute of Health and Environmental Studies, Fukuoka 818-01, Japan. Pub. in Japan Journal Toxicology Environ. Health. 43 (1) 42-47 1997 . Japan.

The paper presents the liver distribution and fecal excretion of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) congeners in male rats fed with Chlorella, Spirulina and chlorophyllin. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of PCDD excretion by the chlorophyllin foods. The rats were given some treatment diets containing 20% Chlorella, 20% Spirulina, 0.2% 2% chlorophyllin, 10% rice-bran fiber or 2% chlorophyllin + 10% rice-bran fiber for 5 days. Then the animals were administered 4 g of each diet containing 0.5 ml of the causal rice-bran oil of Yusho that had occurred in the Southwest part of japan in 1968 and kept on the same diet for another 5 days. The rice bran oil contaminated with PCDDs was used for the animal experiments. PCDD congeners in the feces and liver were analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The fecal excretion of PCDDs in the groups fed with Chlorella, Spirulina and 2% chlorophyllin were 7.4, 7.1 and 11.0 times higher respectively, than that in the control group. These findings suggest that the administration of Chlorella, Spirulina and chlorophyllin is useful as a new approach in the treatments of patients exposed to lipophilic zenobiotics.

The effect of spirulina on nephrotoxicity in rats. by Y. Yamane, et al. 1988. Chiba Univ. Presented at Annual Symposium of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, April 15, 1988. Japan. Heavy metals and pharmaceutical drugs are toxic to the kidney. The effects of spirulina on acute nephritis caused by inorganic mercury and pharmaceutical drugs were examined in rats. High mercury dosage caused nephrotoxcity in laboratory rats, measured by rising blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, urinary enzymes alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT). When rats were fed a diet of 30% spirulina, these factors significantly decreased, showing kidney detoxification. Three groups of rats were given pharmaceutical drugs used by humans: para-Aminophenol (anodyne/pain reliever), Gentamicin (anti-biotic) and Cisplatin (anti-cancer). Once again rats improved. The study suggests spirulina may have a beneficial effect for humans suffering from heavy metal poisoning and that kidney side effects may decrease when spirulina is taken with the administration of drugs. Side effects limit the dosage of drugs and slow down recovery, so shorter recovery times may be possible.

High cholesterol

Cholesterol lowering effect of spirulina. by N. Nayaka, et al. 1988. Tokai Univ. Pub. in Nutrition Reports Int'l, Vol. 37, No. 6, 1329-1337. Japan.

Thirty healthy men with high cholesterol, mild hypertension and hyperlipidemia showed lower serum cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL (undesirable fat) levels after eating spirulina for eight weeks. These men did not change their diet, except adding spirulina. No adverse effects were noted. Group A consumed 4.2 grams daily for eight weeks. Total serum cholesterol dropped a significant 4.5% within 4 weeks from 244 to 233. Group B consumed spirulina for four weeks, then stopped. Serum cholesterol levels decreased, then returned to the initial level. Researchers concluded spirulina did lower serum cholesterol and was likely to have a favorable effect on alleviating heart disease since the arterioscelosis index improved.

Effect of lipophilic extract of Chlorella vulgaris on alimentary hyperlipidemia in cholesterol-fed rats. by Sano T, Kumamoto Y, Kamiya N, Okuda M, Tanaka Y. Department of Chemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan. Artery. 1988;15(4):217-24

The effect of glycolipid (GL) and phospholipid (PL) fractions obtained from Chlorella on serum lipid level and fecal excretion of steroids were examined in cholesterol-fed rats. The increase of the level of serum lipids was inhibited by the feeding of GL, PL and Chlorella powder almost the same degree. Fecal excretion of steroids (mostly of cholesterol, deoxycholic and lithocholic acid) was increased by feeding of GL and PL fractions. It is concluded that the feeding of each fraction inhibits the absorption of exogenous steroids and promotes turnover of bile acids in liver to suppress the increase of serum cholesterol level caused by administration of high cholesterol diet.

Effects of spirulina on hypercholesterolemia and fatty liver in rats. by T. Kato and K. Takemoto. 1984. Saitama Medical College. Pub. in Japan Nutr. Foods Assoc. Journal. 37:323. Japan.

Rats fed basal diets containing 1% cholesterol showed elevated total cholesterol, and phospholipids in nserum. This was clearly reduced by rats fed basal diets containing 16% spirulina and 1% cholesterol. The results indicated spirulina may prevent dietary hypercholesterolemia and arterioscelerosis. Fatty liver caused by high fat and high-cholesterol diets was also reduced rapidly by feeding spirulina.

Hormonal problems

No research papers at the moment.

Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)

Nutritional supplementation with Chlorella pyrenoidosa for mild to moderate hypertension. By Merchant RE, Andre CA, Sica DA. Department of Anatomy and Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, VA, J Med Food. 2002 Fall;5(3):141-52.

Pharmacological treatment of hypertension reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease; however, randomized, controlled clinical trials and population studies have also shown that abnormally high blood pressure (BP) can be lowered with diet modification and exercise. The objective of this pilot study was to determine whether daily dietary supplementation with 10g Chlorella tablets and 100ml Chlorella extract for 2 months would reduce BP in subjects with a mean sitting diastolic BP (SiDBP) between 90 and 115 mm Hg. Thirty-three people were enrolled and underwent a 4-week washout period from all antihypertensive medications, during which they consumed placebo. At completion of this washout/placebo period, 24 subjects were considered evaluable (i.e., had a SiDBP between 90 and 115 mm Hg) and were continued in the study. After 1 or 2 months of dietary Chlorella supplementation, the average heart rate, sitting systolic BP, and SiDBP changed only slightly; after 2 months of Chlorella consumption, the group's mean SiDBP was 96.5 +/- 6.6. However, a heterogeneous response pattern to Chlorella existed, with 25% (6/24) of the subjects achieving their BP goal (SiDBP less than 90 mm Hg). Furthermore, the BP of nonresponders did not increase significantly above washout values. Quality-of-life questionnaires indicated an overall perception that health had significantly improved in conjunction with Chlorella consumption. The results indicate that, for some subjects with mild to moderate hypertension, a daily dietary supplement of Chlorella reduced or kept stable their SiDBP.

A review of recent clinical trials of the nutritional supplement Chlorella pyrenoidosa in the treatment of fibromyalgia, hypertension, and ulcerative colitis. Merchant RE, Andre CA.Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, VA. Altern Ther Health Med. 2001 May-Jun;7(3):79-91

CONTEXT: It has been suggested that the consumption of natural "whole foods" rich in macronutrients has many healthful benefits for those who otherwise ingest a normal, nonvegetarian diet. One example is dietary supplements derived from Chlorella pyrenoidosa, a unicellular fresh water green alga rich in proteins, vitamins, and minerals.

OBJECTIVE: To find evidence of the potential of chlorella dietary supplements to relieve signs and symptoms, improve quality of life, and normalize body functions in people with chronic illnesses, specifically fibromyalgia, hypertension, and ulcerative colitis.

DESIGN: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials.

SETTING: Virginia Commonwealth University's Medical College of Virginia.

PATIENTS: Fifty-five subjects with fibromyalgia, 33 with hypertension, and 9 with ulcerative colitis.

INTERVENTION: Subjects consumed 10 g of pure chlorella in tablet form and 100 ml of a liquid containing an extract of chlorella each day for 2 or 3 months.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: For fibromyalgia patients, assessments of pain and overall quality of life. For hypertensive patients, measurements of sitting diastolic blood pressure and serum lipid levels. For patients with ulcerative colitis, determination of state of disease using the Disease Activity Index.

RESULTS: Daily dietary supplementation with chlorella may reduce high blood pressure, lower serum cholesterol levels, accelerate wound healing, and enhance immune functions.

CONCLUSIONS: The potential of chlorella to relieve symptoms, improve quality of life, and normalize body functions in patients with fibromyalgia, hypertension, or ulcerative colitis suggests that larger, more comprehensive clinical trials of chlorella are warranted.

Immunity

Enhancement of antibody production in mice by dietary spirulina. by Hayashi, et al. June 1994. Kagawa Nutrition Univ. Japan. Pub. in Journal of Nutr. Science and Vitaminology. Japan. Mice fed a spirulina diet showed increased numbers of splenic antibody- producing cells in the primary immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). However, immunoglobulin G (IgG) - antibody production in the secondary immune response was hardly affected. The percentage of phagocytic cells in peritoneal macrophages from the mice fed spirulina diet, as well as the proliferatiom of spleen cells, was significantly increased. Addition of a hot-water extract of spirulina (SHW) to an in vitro culture of spleen cells markedly increased proliferation of these cells, whereas culture of thymus cells was scarcely affected. The spirulina extract also significantly enhanced interleukin-1 (IL-1) production from peritoneal macrophages. Addition to the in vitro spleen cell culture of SHW as well as the supernatant of macrophages stimulated with SHW resulted in enhancement of antibody production, that is, an increase of the number of PFC. These results suggest that spirulina enhances the immune response, particularly the primary response, by stimulating macrophage functions, phagocytosis, and IL-1 production.

Immune enhancement potential of spirulina in chickens. by M. Qureshi, et al. August 1994. Poultry Science Assoc. Dept. of Poultry Science, North Carolina State, NC. Pub. in Journal of Poultry Science Vol 73, S1. p.46. USA.

Effects of spirulina on the immune function of chickens were examined. Macrophage cultures treated with a water soluble extract of spirulina exhibited enhanced phagocytosis and induced tumorcidal factor secretion. In the second study, 0, 10, 100 and 10,000ppm spirulina in corn/soy diets were fed to Leghorn chickens. Larger thyus glands, higher NK activity and CBH response were observed in the 10,000ppm spirulina treated chickens. Percent phagocytic macrophages and secondary antibody response were also greater than non-treated chickens. The data suggests spirulina exposure improves immune performance of chickens without adversely affecting other performance characteristics.

Phagocytic potential of feline macrophages after exposure to a water soluble extract of spirulina in vitro. by M. Qureshi, et al. January 1996. Pub. in Immunopharmacology. in press. USA.

Bronchoalveolar lavage macrophages isolated from cats were cultured on glass coverslips. Macrophages were exposed to a water soluble extract of spirulina platensis in concentration range of 0 to 60 mcg per ml for two hours. Spirulina extract exposure did not cause significant macrophage cytotoxicity over untreated controls. Macrophage monolayers from treated and control cultures were incubated with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) as well as viable e. coli. The percentages of phagocytic macrophages for both of these particular antigens were higher (a two-fold increase in SRBC phagocytosis and over 10% increase in e. coli uptake) in cultures treated with various concentrations of spirulina extract. However, the numbers of either types of particles internalized by phagocytic macrophage were not different between the control and treated cultures. These data which showed that spirulina platensis extract enhances macrophage phagocytic function imply that dietary spirulina supplementation may improve the disease resistance potential in cats.

Improving energy levels

No research papers at the moment.

Infertility

No research papers at the moment.

Kidney disease

Effect of spirulina on the renal toxicity induced by inorganic mercury and cisplatin. by H. Fukino, et al. 1990. Pub. in Eisei Kagaku, 36:5, 1990. Japan.

Kidney toxicity caused by mercury was suppressed by feeding spirulina to rats. A water soluble extract of Spirulina, containing phycocyanin, the natural blue pigment, was examined. Renal (kidney) toxicity in rats caused by para-Aminophenol (pain reliever) and Cisplatin (anti-cancer) was significantly reduced by the phycocyanin extract of spirulina. Researchers concluded that phycocyanin plays a major role in the protective effect of spirulina against renal failure caused by mercury and pharmaceutical drugs, and that spirulina might be applicable to the reduction of general renal disfunction.

The effect of spirulina on nephrotoxicity in rats. by Y. Yamane, et al. 1988. Chiba Univ. Presented at Annual Symposium of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, April 15, 1988. Japan.

Heavy metals and pharmaceutical drugs are toxic to the kidney. The effects of spirulina on acute nephritis caused by inorganic mercury and pharmaceutical drugs were examined in rats. High mercury dosage caused nephrotoxcity in laboratory rats, measured by rising blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, urinary enzymes alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT). When rats were fed a diet of 30% spirulina, these factors significantly decreased, showing kidney detoxification. Three groups of rats were given pharmaceutical drugs used by humans: para-Aminophenol (anodyne/pain reliever), Gentamicin (anti-biotic) and Cisplatin (anti-cancer). Once again rats improved. The study suggests spirulina may have a beneficial effect for humans suffering from heavy metal poisoning and that kidney side effects may decrease when spirulina is taken with the administration of drugs. Side effects limit the dosage of drugs and slow down recovery, so shorter recovery times may be possible.

Liver problems

Effects of spirulina on hypercholesterolemia and fatty liver in rats. by T. Kato and K. Takemoto. 1984. Saitama Medical College. Pub. in Japan Nutr. Foods Assoc. Journal. 37:323. Japan.

Rats fed basal diets containing 1% cholesterol showed elevated total cholesterol, and phospholipids in nserum. This was clearly reduced by rats fed basal diets containing 16% spirulina and 1% cholesterol. The results indicated spirulina may prevent dietary hypercholesterolemia and arterioscelerosis. Fatty liver caused by high fat and high-cholesterol diets was also reduced rapidly by feeding spirulina.

Reports of "Effects of Chlorella on Levels of Cholesterol in Serum and Liver" ( Research of Wakahisa Hospital of Fukuoka, Japan.) showed that 16 patients were given 20 tablets of Chlorella daily for three months, without any anti-cholesterol drugs, their cholesterol levels had been significantly lowered.

Low albumin levels

No research papers at the moment.

Low white blood cell count

No research papers at the moment.

Menopause

No research papers at the moment.

Menstrual problems

No research papers at the moment.

Mercury amalgam dental fillings

Effect of spirulina on the renal toxicity induced by inorganic mercury and cisplatin. by H. Fukino, et al. 1990. Pub. in Eisei Kagaku, 36:5, 1990. Japan.

Kidney toxicity caused by mercury was suppressed by feeding spirulina to rats. A water soluble extract of Spirulina, containing phycocyanin, the natural blue pigment, was examined. Renal (kidney) toxicity in rats caused by para-Aminophenol (pain reliever) and Cisplatin (anti-cancer) was significantly reduced by the phycocyanin extract of spirulina. Researchers concluded that phycocyanin plays a major role in the protective effect of spirulina against renal failure caused by mercury and pharmaceutical drugs, and that spirulina might be applicable to the reduction of general renal disfunction.

Migraines or headaches

No research papers at the moment.

Multiple sclerosis

No research papers at the moment.

Osteoporosis

No research papers at the moment.

Pregnancy problems

No research papers at the moment.

Radiation

Spirulina- natural sorbent of radionucleides. by L.P. Loseva and I.V. Dardynskaya. Sep 1993. Research Institute of Radiation Medicine, Minsk, Belarus. 6th Int'l Congress of Applied Algology, Czech Republic. Belarus. Spirulina, a natural food supplement, reduced urine radioactivity levels by 50% in only 20 days. This result was achieved after giving 5 grams a day to children at the Institute of Radiation Medicine in Minsk, Belarus. The Institute has developed a program to treat 100 children every 20 days. This 1993 report confirms 1990-91 research on the beneficial health effects of spirulina on children with radiation sickness. It concludes: "Use of spirulina decreases radioaction dose load received from food contaminated with radionuclides, Cesium-137 and Strontium-90. Spirulina is favorable for normalizing the adaptative potential of children's bodies in conditions of long-lived low dose radiation."

Means to normalize the levels of immunoglobulin E, using the food supplement Spirulina. by L. Evets, et al. 1994. Grodenski State Medical Univ. Russian Federation Committee of Patents and Trade. Patent (19)RU (11)2005486 . Jan. 15, 1994. Russia. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) of children living in highly radioactive areas is greatly above normal. Studies with 270 children show that consuming about 5 grams per day of spirulina tablets normalized IgE within 6 weeks. Children not consuming spirulina did not change IgE levels. No side effects were observed. Spirulina lowers the amount of IgE in the blood, which in turn normalizes and reduces allergies.

Radioprotective effect of extract from spirulina in mouse bone marrow cells studied by using the micronucleus test. by P. Qishen, Kolman et al. 1989. In Toxicology Letters 48: 165-169. China.

The radioprotective effect of an extract of spirulina was studied using the micronucleus test in polychromatic erthrocytes of bone marrow in mice. The extract caused a significant reduction of the micronucleus frequencies induced by gamma radiation.

The radioprotective effects of aqueous extract from chlorococcal freshwater algae (Chlorella) in mice and rats. Rotkovska D; Vacek A; Bartonickova A Strahlenther Onkol 1989 Nov;165(11):813-6

In experiments on mice and rats, the effect was studied of a single administration of chlorella growth. After injection of this substance the number of haemopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and spleen of mice (CFUs) increased, as did their survival after irradiation. Irradiation with a lethal dose of gamma rays 24 hours after the injection of Ivastimul is survived by a larger number of treated mice and rats than untreated ones. On the first day after the administration Ivastimul protects mice against brief and prolonged action of irradiation. The protective effect of Ivastimul was observed after intraperitoneal, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration.

Rheumatoid arthritis

No research papers at the moment.

Smog and pollution

No research papers at the moment.

Smokers

No research papers at the moment.

Stress

Chlorella culture supernatant (CVS) reduces psychological stress-induced apoptosis in thymocytes of mice. Hasegawa T, Noda K, Kumamoto S, Ando Y, Yamada A, Yoshikai Y. Research Laboratories, Chlorella Industry Co. Ltd, 1343 Hisatomi, Chikugo City, 833-0056, Fukuoka, Japan. Int J Immunopharmacol. 2000 Nov;22(11):877-85

A glycoprotein prepared from Chlorella culture supernatant (CVS) is a biological response modifier (BRM) which exhibits protective activities against tumor metastasis and 5-fluorouracil-induced immunosuppression. We here show that oral administration of CVS prevented significantly the apoptosis of thymocytes in mice undergoing psychological stress in a communication box. Mice were exposed to the emotional stress for 14 days by witnessing other mice being exposed to foot-shock. The numbers in thymocytes, especially CD4(+)CD8(+) population, were decreased significantly and apoptotic cells, as assessed by Annexin V expression, were reciprocally increased after the exposure to the psychological stress. Chlorella culture supernatant (CVS) administration significantly suppressed the increase in serum corticosterone level in the psychologically stressed mice. These results suggest that CVS prevents psychological stress and maintain homeostasis in the face of external environmental changes.

Tinnitus

No research papers at the moment.

Ulcerative colitis

A review of recent clinical trials of the nutritional supplement Chlorella pyrenoidosa in the treatment of fibromyalgia, hypertension, and ulcerative colitis. Merchant RE, Andre CA.Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, VA. Altern Ther Health Med. 2001 May-Jun;7(3):79-91

CONTEXT: It has been suggested that the consumption of natural "whole foods" rich in macronutrients has many healthful benefits for those who otherwise ingest a normal, nonvegetarian diet. One example is dietary supplements derived from Chlorella pyrenoidosa, a unicellular fresh water green alga rich in proteins, vitamins, and minerals.

OBJECTIVE: To find evidence of the potential of chlorella dietary supplements to relieve signs and symptoms, improve quality of life, and normalize body functions in people with chronic illnesses, specifically fibromyalgia, hypertension, and ulcerative colitis.

DESIGN: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials.

SETTING: Virginia Commonwealth University's Medical College of Virginia.

PATIENTS: Fifty-five subjects with fibromyalgia, 33 with hypertension, and 9 with ulcerative colitis.

INTERVENTION: Subjects consumed 10 g of pure chlorella in tablet form and 100 ml of a liquid containing an extract of chlorella each day for 2 or 3 months.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: For fibromyalgia patients, assessments of pain and overall quality of life. For hypertensive patients, measurements of sitting diastolic blood pressure and serum lipid levels. For patients with ulcerative colitis, determination of state of disease using the Disease Activity Index.

RESULTS: Daily dietary supplementation with chlorella may reduce high blood pressure, lower serum cholesterol levels, accelerate wound healing, and enhance immune functions.

CONCLUSIONS: The potential of chlorella to relieve symptoms, improve quality of life, and normalize body functions in patients with fibromyalgia, hypertension, or ulcerative colitis suggests that larger, more comprehensive clinical trials of chlorella are warranted.

Ulcers

Oral administration of a unicellular green algae, Chlorella vulgaris, prevents stress-induced ulcer. Tanaka K, Yamada A, Noda K, et al Planta Med 1997 Oct;63(5):465-6.

Oral administration of dry powder of Chlorella vulgaris showed clear prophylactic effects in ulcers. Chlorella may prevent ulcer formation mainly through the "immune-brain-gut" axis and protection of gastric mucosa by its own characteristics.

Weight loss or weight gain

Observations on the utilization of spirulina as an adjuvant nutritive factor in treating some diseases accompanied by a nutritional deficiency. by V. Fica, et al. 1984. Clinica II Medicala, Spitalui Clinic, Bucuresti. Med. Interna 36 (3). Romania. (in Romanian).

Spirulina tablets were given to 21 patients with various nutritional deficiencies. They had suffered weight loss in conjunction with gastric resection, tubercular infection, chronic pancreatitis and gastritis, rheumatoid arthrtis, anemia and disbetes mellitus. With spirulina, the patients gained weight and their proteinograms improved.

Clinical and biochemical evaluations of spirulina with regard to its application in the treatment of obesity. by E.W. Becker, et al. 1986. Inst. Chem. Pfanz. Pub. in Nutrition Reports Int'l, Vol. 33, No. 4, pg 565. Germany.

Study involving spirulina and obesity